SkfA

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  • Description: spore killing factor

Gene name skfA
Synonyms ybcO
Essential no
Product spore killing factor
Function killing of sister cells
MW, pI 5 kDa, 10.648
Gene length, protein length 165 bp, 55 aa
Immediate neighbours ybcM, skfB
Get the DNA and protein sequences
(Barbe et al., 2009)
Genetic context
YbcO context.gif
This image was kindly provided by SubtiList



The gene

Basic information

  • Locus tag: BSU01910

Phenotypes of a mutant

Database entries

  • DBTBS entry: [1]
  • SubtiList entry: [2]

Additional information

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

  • Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
  • Protein family:
  • Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

  • Kinetic information:
  • Domains:
  • Modification: the mature SKF is cyclic 26-amino acid peptide that is posttranslationally modified with one disulfide and one cysteine thioether bridged to the alpha-position of a methionine PubMed
  • Cofactor(s):
  • Effectors of protein activity:
  • Interactions:
  • Localization: secreted (according to Swiss-Prot)

Database entries

  • Structure:
  • KEGG entry: [3]
  • E.C. number:

Additional information

Expression and regulation

  • Regulation:
    • induced by phosphate starvation (PhoP) PubMed
    • repressed by glucose (33-fold) PubMed
    • expressed under conditions that trigger sporulation (Spo0A) PubMed
    • repressed during logrithmic growth (AbrB) PubMed
    • induced by rhamnogalacturonan PubMed
  • Additional information:
    • Northern blotting during during phosphate limitation showed an intense 0.25 kb skfA-specific transcript, and a weaker 6.5 kb skfA-skfB-skfC-skfD-skfE-skfF-skfG-skfH transcript.
    • The skfA transcript is stabilized by a stem-loop structure in the skfA-skfB intergenic region. PubMed
    • The mRNA is very stable (half-life > 15 min) PubMed

Biological materials

  • Mutant:
  • Expression vector:
  • lacZ fusion:
  • GFP fusion:
  • two-hybrid system:
  • Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

Your additional remarks

References

Reviews

José Eduardo González-Pastor
Cannibalism: a social behavior in sporulating Bacillus subtilis.
FEMS Microbiol Rev: 2011, 35(3);415-24
[PubMed:20955377] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Original Publications

Mark A Strauch, Benjamin G Bobay, John Cavanagh, Fude Yao, Angelo Wilson, Yoann Le Breton
Abh and AbrB control of Bacillus subtilis antimicrobial gene expression.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(21);7720-32
[PubMed:17720793] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Helga Westers, Peter G Braun, Lidia Westers, Haike Antelmann, Michael Hecker, Jan D H Jongbloed, Hirofumi Yoshikawa, Teruo Tanaka, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Wim J Quax
Genes involved in SkfA killing factor production protect a Bacillus subtilis lipase against proteolysis.
Appl Environ Microbiol: 2005, 71(4);1899-908
[PubMed:15812018] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Masaya Fujita, José Eduardo González-Pastor, Richard Losick
High- and low-threshold genes in the Spo0A regulon of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(4);1357-68
[PubMed:15687200] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Virginie Molle, Masaya Fujita, Shane T Jensen, Patrick Eichenberger, José E González-Pastor, Jun S Liu, Richard Losick
The Spo0A regulon of Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2003, 50(5);1683-701
[PubMed:14651647] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

G Hambraeus, C von Wachenfeldt, L Hederstedt
Genome-wide survey of mRNA half-lives in Bacillus subtilis identifies extremely stable mRNAs.
Mol Genet Genomics: 2003, 269(5);706-14
[PubMed:12884008] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)