SkfA

• Description: spore killing factor
  
  

Gene name	skfA
Synonyms	ybcO
Essential	no
Product	spore killing factor
Function	killing of sister cells
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: skfA
MW, pI	5 kDa, 10.648
Gene length, protein length	165 bp, 55 aa
Immediate neighbours	ybcM, skfB
Get the DNA and protein sequences (Barbe et al., 2009)
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

toxins, antitoxins and immunity against toxins

This gene is a member of the following regulons

AbrB regulon, PhoP regulon, Spo0A regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU01910

Database entries

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:

• Protein family:

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification: the mature SKF is cyclic 26-amino acid peptide that is posttranslationally modified with one disulfide and one cysteine thioether bridged to the alpha-position of a methionine PubMed

• Cofactor(s):

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:

• Localization: secreted (according to Swiss-Prot)

Database entries

• Structure:

• UniProt: O31422

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon: skfA-skfB-skfC-skfE-skfF-skfG-skfH PubMed

• Expression browser: skfA PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • repressed by glucose (33-fold) PubMed
  • expressed under conditions that trigger sporulation (Spo0A) PubMed
  • repressed during logrithmic growth (AbrB) PubMed
  • induced by phosphate starvation (PhoP) PubMed
  • induced by rhamnogalacturonan PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • Spo0A: transcription activation PubMed
  • AbrB: transcription repression PubMed
  • PhoP: transcription activation PubMed

• Additional information:
  • Northern blotting during during phosphate limitation showed an intense 0.25 kb skfA-specific transcript, and a weaker 6.5 kb skfA-skfB-skfC-skfE-skfF-skfG-skfH transcript.
  • The skfA transcript is stabilized by a stem-loop structure in the skfA-skfB intergenic region. PubMed
  • The mRNA is very stable (half-life > 15 min) PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant:

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system:

• Antibody:

References

Reviews

José Eduardo González-Pastor
Cannibalism: a social behavior in sporulating Bacillus subtilis.
FEMS Microbiol Rev: 2011, 35(3);415-24
[PubMed:20955377] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Original Publications

Additional publications: PubMed