Mfd

• Description: transcription-repair coupling factor, eliminates genetic damage from transcriptionally active genes during sporulation, required for increased mutagenesis of lagging strand genes
  
  

Gene name	mfd
Synonyms
Essential	no
Product	transcription-repair coupling factor
Function	promotes strand-specific DNA repair by displacing RNA polymerase stalled at a nucleotide lesion and directing the (A)BC excinuclease to the RNA damage site
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: mfd
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: Mfd
MW, pI	133 kDa, 5.367
Gene length, protein length	3531 bp, 1177 aa
Immediate neighbours	fin, spoVT
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

DNA repair/ recombination, transcription

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU00550

Phenotypes of a mutant

• in an mfd knock-out, the cell's ability to accumulate adaptive mutations in stationary phase is depressed. PubMed
• increased UV-induced mutagenesis via PolY1/ PolY2-mediated translesion synthesis PubMed
• the mutation suppresses the mucoid phenotype of motA or motB mutants PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU00550

• DBTBS entry: no entry

• SubtiList entry: [1]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
  • promotes strand-specific DNA repair by displacing RNA polymerase stalled at a nucleotide lesion and directing the (A)BC excinuclease to the RNA damage site
  • is required for roadblock transcription repression by transcription factors with binding sites downstream of the promoter (as for CcpA PubMed and CodY PubMed)
  • required for the processing of genetic damage during sporulation PubMed

• Protein family:

• Paralogous protein(s): RecG

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:
  • Mfd interacts with the RNA polymerase PubMed
  • Mfd-UvrA PubMed
  • Mfd-RpoB PubMed

• Localization:

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU00550

• Structure:
  • 2EYQ (Mfd from E. coli) PubMed
  • 3MLQ (RNA polymerase interacting domain of Thermus thermophilus Mfd with the Thermus aquaticus RpoB beta1 domain) PubMed

• UniProt: P37474

• KEGG entry: [2]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon:

• Expression browser: mfd PubMed

• Sigma factor:

• Regulation:
  • expressed throughout growth and sporulation, during sporulation both in the mother cell and the forespore PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:

• Additional information:
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 103 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 611 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant: GP1167 (del ermC), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion: GP1510 (spc, based on pGP1870, pGP1389-derivative ), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• YFP fusion: GP1511 (spc, based on pGP1871, pGP1389-derivative ), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Fabian Commichau's lab

• Antibody:

• Strep-tag construct: GP890 (spc, based on pGP1389), available in the Stülke lab

References

Reviews

Georgiy A Belogurov, Irina Artsimovitch
Regulation of Transcript Elongation.
Annu Rev Microbiol: 2015, 69;49-69
[PubMed:26132790] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Justin S Lenhart, Jeremy W Schroeder, Brian W Walsh, Lyle A Simmons
DNA repair and genome maintenance in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 2012, 76(3);530-64
[PubMed:22933559] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Ann Ganesan, Graciela Spivak, Philip C Hanawalt
Transcription-coupled DNA repair in prokaryotes.
Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci: 2012, 110;25-40
[PubMed:22749141] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Eduardo A Robleto, Holly A Martin, Mario Pedraza-Reyes
Mfd and transcriptional derepression cause genetic diversity in Bacillus subtilis.
Front Biosci (Elite Ed): 2012, 4(4);1246-54
[PubMed:22201950] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Philip C Hanawalt, Graciela Spivak
Transcription-coupled DNA repair: two decades of progress and surprises.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol: 2008, 9(12);958-70
[PubMed:19023283] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Rodrigo S Galhardo, P J Hastings, Susan M Rosenberg
Mutation as a stress response and the regulation of evolvability.
Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol: 2007, 42(5);399-435
[PubMed:17917874] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Alexandra M Deaconescu, Nigel Savery, Seth A Darst
The bacterial transcription repair coupling factor.
Curr Opin Struct Biol: 2007, 17(1);96-102
[PubMed:17239578] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

James J Truglio, Deborah L Croteau, Bennett Van Houten, Caroline Kisker
Prokaryotic nucleotide excision repair: the UvrABC system.
Chem Rev: 2006, 106(2);233-52
[PubMed:16464004] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Sergei Borukhov, Jookyung Lee, Oleg Laptenko
Bacterial transcription elongation factors: new insights into molecular mechanism of action.
Mol Microbiol: 2005, 55(5);1315-24
[PubMed:15720542] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Jeffrey Roberts, Joo-Seop Park
Mfd, the bacterial transcription repair coupling factor: translocation, repair and termination.
Curr Opin Microbiol: 2004, 7(2);120-5
[PubMed:15063847] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

E C Friedberg
Relationships between DNA repair and transcription.
Annu Rev Biochem: 1996, 65;15-42
[PubMed:8811173] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

C P Selby, A Sancar
Mechanisms of transcription-repair coupling and mutation frequency decline.
Microbiol Rev: 1994, 58(3);317-29
[PubMed:7968917] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)