CitZ

• Description: citrate synthase
  
  

Gene name	citZ
Synonyms	citA2
Essential	no
Product	citrate synthase II
Function	TCA cycle
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: citZ
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: CitZ
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: citZ
MW, pI	41 kDa, 5.451
Gene length, protein length	1116 bp, 372 aa
Immediate neighbours	icd, ytwI
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

carbon core metabolism, phosphoproteins

This gene is a member of the following regulons

CcpA regulon, CcpC regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU29140

Phenotypes of a mutant

• glutamate auxotrophy and a defect in sporulation PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU29140

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity: Acetyl-CoA + H₂O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Protein family: citrate synthase family (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Paralogous protein(s): MmgD, CitA

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:
  • Michaelis-Menten (Random Sequential Reaction Mechanism) PubMed
  • specific activity: 0.141 µmol min^-1 (mg protein)^-1 PubMed

• Domains:

• Modification: phosphorylation on Ser-284 PubMed

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:
  • Inhibited by acetyl-CoA, 2-oxoglutarate and NADH PubMed FEBS Letters
  • Inhibited by citrate and CoA (competitively against acetyl-CoA and non-competitively against oxaloacetate) PubMed
  • Inhibited by ATP competitively in B. subtilis strain 168 and HS 1A17 PubMed PubMed
    • In B. subtilis strain HS 2A2, ATP inhibits a non-competitive fashion PubMed
  • Activated by AMP PubMed

• Interactions:
  • CitZ-Mdh-Icd (this is the core of the TCA cycle metabolon) PubMed

• Localization:
  • cytoplasm (homogeneously distributed throughout the cell) PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU29140

• Structure:
  • 2C6X
  • A discussion of citrate synthase structure
• UniProt: P39120

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number: 2.3.3.1

Additional information

• extensive information on the structure and enzymatic properties of CitZ can be found at Proteopedia

Expression and regulation

• Operon:
  • citZ-icd-mdh PubMed

• Expression browser: citZ PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • repression by glucose (6.7-fold) (CcpA) PubMed
  • repression by glucose + glutamate (CcpC) PubMed
  • reduced expression at excess citrate concentrations or iron depletion (CitB) PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • CcpA: transcription repression, CcpC: transcription repression PubMed
  • CcpC: transcription repression (molecular inducer: citrate) PubMed
  • CitB: mRNA destabilization upon citrate accumulation or iron limitation PubMed

• Additional information:
  • The mRNA has a long 5' leader region. This may indicate RNA-based regulation PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 8373 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 20578 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, exponential phase): 22342 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, early stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 10224 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, late stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 18693 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant:
  • GP678 (erm), GP797 (spec) available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • 1A999 (citZ::spec), PubMed, available at BGSC
  • GP790 (citZ-icd-mdh::kan), available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • GP797 (citZ::spec), allows expression of icd and mdh, available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • GP1281 (citZ::erm), allows expression of icd and mdh, available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• Expression vector:
  • pGP1120 (N-terminal Strep-tag, for SPINE, purification from B. subtilis, in pGP380) (available in Jörg Stülke's lab)
  • pGP1776 (for expression, purification in E. coli with N-terminal Strep-tag, in pGP172, available in Jörg Stülke's lab)
  • pGP1761 (expression with N-terminal His-tag from E. coli, in pWH844), available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • pGP2515 (N-terminal Strep-tag, purification from E. coli, in pGP172), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• Antibody: available in Linc Sonenshein's lab

Labs working on this gene/protein

Linc Sonenshein, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA Homepage

Jörg Stülke, University of Göttingen, Germany Homepage

References

Reviews

G Wiegand, S J Remington
Citrate synthase: structure, control, and mechanism.
Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem: 1986, 15;97-117
[PubMed:3013232] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Original publications

Leigh G Monahan, Isabella V Hajduk, Sinead P Blaber, Ian G Charles, Elizabeth J Harry
Coordinating bacterial cell division with nutrient availability: a role for glycolysis.
mBio: 2014, 5(3);e00935-14
[PubMed:24825009] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Michael Kohlstedt, Praveen K Sappa, Hanna Meyer, Sandra Maaß, Adrienne Zaprasis, Tamara Hoffmann, Judith Becker, Leif Steil, Michael Hecker, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Michael Lalk, Ulrike Mäder, Jörg Stülke, Erhard Bremer, Uwe Völker, Christoph Wittmann
Adaptation of Bacillus subtilis carbon core metabolism to simultaneous nutrient limitation and osmotic challenge: a multi-omics perspective.
Environ Microbiol: 2014, 16(6);1898-917
[PubMed:24571712] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kieran B Pechter, Frederik M Meyer, Alisa W Serio, Jörg Stülke, Abraham L Sonenshein
Two roles for aconitase in the regulation of tricarboxylic acid branch gene expression in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2013, 195(7);1525-37
[PubMed:23354745] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Bogumiła C Marciniak, Monika Pabijaniak, Anne de Jong, Robert Dűhring, Gerald Seidel, Wolfgang Hillen, Oscar P Kuipers
High- and low-affinity cre boxes for CcpA binding in Bacillus subtilis revealed by genome-wide analysis.
BMC Genomics: 2012, 13;401
[PubMed:22900538] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Frederik M Meyer, Jan Gerwig, Elke Hammer, Christina Herzberg, Fabian M Commichau, Uwe Völker, Jörg Stülke
Physical interactions between tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for a metabolon.
Metab Eng: 2011, 13(1);18-27
[PubMed:20933603] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Irnov Irnov, Cynthia M Sharma, Jörg Vogel, Wade C Winkler
Identification of regulatory RNAs in Bacillus subtilis.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2010, 38(19);6637-51
[PubMed:20525796] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Boris Macek, Ivan Mijakovic, Jesper V Olsen, Florian Gnad, Chanchal Kumar, Peter R Jensen, Matthias Mann
The serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphoproteome of the model bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Cell Proteomics: 2007, 6(4);697-707
[PubMed:17218307] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hans-Matti Blencke, Georg Homuth, Holger Ludwig, Ulrike Mäder, Michael Hecker, Jörg Stülke
Transcriptional profiling of gene expression in response to glucose in Bacillus subtilis: regulation of the central metabolic pathways.
Metab Eng: 2003, 5(2);133-49
[PubMed:12850135] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hyun-Jin Kim, Agnes Roux, Abraham L Sonenshein
Direct and indirect roles of CcpA in regulation of Bacillus subtilis Krebs cycle genes.
Mol Microbiol: 2002, 45(1);179-90
[PubMed:12100558] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

C Jourlin-Castelli, N Mani, M M Nakano, A L Sonenshein
CcpC, a novel regulator of the LysR family required for glucose repression of the citB gene in Bacillus subtilis.
J Mol Biol: 2000, 295(4);865-78
[PubMed:10656796] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K Matsuno, T Blais, A W Serio, T Conway, T M Henkin, A L Sonenshein
Metabolic imbalance and sporulation in an isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1999, 181(11);3382-91
[PubMed:10348849] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M M Nakano, P Zuber, A L Sonenshein
Anaerobic regulation of Bacillus subtilis Krebs cycle genes.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(13);3304-11
[PubMed:9642180] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

S Jin, A L Sonenshein
Characterization of the major citrate synthase of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1996, 178(12);3658-60
[PubMed:8655569] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

S Jin, A L Sonenshein
Transcriptional regulation of Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
J Bacteriol: 1994, 176(15);4680-90
[PubMed:8045899] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

S Jin, A L Sonenshein
Identification of two distinct Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
J Bacteriol: 1994, 176(15);4669-79
[PubMed:8045898] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D E Johnson, R S Hanson
Bacterial citrate synthases: purification, molecular weight and kinetic mechanism.
Biochim Biophys Acta: 1974, 350(2);336-53
[PubMed:4211224] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

V R Flechtner, R S Hanson
Coarse and fine control of citrate synthase from Bacillus subtilis.
Biochim Biophys Acta: 1969, 184(2);252-62
[PubMed:4980242] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)