Spx

• Description: transcriptional regulator Spx, involved in regulation of many genes, important for the prevention of protein aggregation during severe heat stress, required for protection against paraquat stress
  
  

Gene name	spx
Synonyms	yjbD
Essential	no
Product	transcriptional regulator Spx
Function	negative and positive regulator of many genes
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: spx
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: Spx
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: spx
MW, pI	15,5 kDa, 7.80
Gene length, protein length	393 bp, 131 amino acids
Immediate neighbours	yjbC, yjbE
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

transcription factors and their control, general stress proteins (controlled by SigB), cell envelope stress proteins (controlled by SigM, V, W, X, Y), resistance against oxidative and electrophile stress,

This gene is a member of the following regulons

PerR regulon, SigB regulon, SigM regulon, SigW regulon, SigX regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU11500

Phenotypes of a mutant

• Loss of up-regulation of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (msrA-msrB) operon in response to thiol specific oxidative stress, also loss of trxA and trxB upregulation in response to thiol specific oxidative stress.

Database entries

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: link

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
  • transcriptional regulator of many genes in response to thiol specific oxidative stress (transcription activator of trxA and trxB)
  • in addition, Spx inhibits transcription by binding to the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNAP (RpoA), disrupting complex formation between RNAP and certain transcriptional activator proteins like ResD and ComA
  • in response to thiol specific oxidative stress, Spx can also activate transcription, making it a general regulator that exerts both positive and negative control over transcription initiation
  • involved in competence regulation PubMed

• Protein family: Spx subfamily (according to Swiss-Prot) Arsenate Reductase (ArsC) family, Spx subfamily

• Paralogous protein(s): MgsR

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains: CXXC (10-13): Acts as a disulfide switch for the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulation of genes that function in thiol homeostasis.

• Modification: Cysteine oxidation of the CXXC motif

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:
  • Spx-YjbH PubMed
  • Spx-RpoA (C-terminal domain) PubMed
  • Spx-ClpP/ClpX (degradation of Spx) PubMed

• Localization: cytoplasm (according to Swiss-Prot)

Database entries

• Structure: 1Z3E complex with C-terminal domain of RpoA NCBI

• UniProt: O31602

• KEGG entry: [2]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon:
  • yjbC-spx PubMed
  • spx PubMed

• Expression browser: spx PubMed

• Sigma factor:
  • four promoters upstream of yjbC: SigW, SigB, SigX PubMed, SigM PubMed
  • promoters upstream of spx: SigA, SigW PubMed, SigM PubMed

• Regulation:
  • induced by stress (SigB) PubMed
  • transcription is represed by PerR and YodB PubMed
  • repressed in the absence of hydrogen peroxide (PerR) PubMed
  • upregulated in response to enduracidin PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism: transcription repression
  • PerR: transcription repression PubMed

• Additional information:
  • post-translational control by ClpX-ClpP: Spx naturally contains a C-terminal sequence that resembles the SsrA tag and targets the protein for degradation. PubMed
  • proteolysis is enhanced by YjbH PubMed and counter-acted by YirB PubMed
  • the mRNA is substantially stabilized upon depletion of RNase Y (the half-life of the monocistronic spx mRNA increases from 1 to 6 min) PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant: ORB6781 (spc), ORB6876 (tet), available in Zuber lab, also available in the Stülke lab
  • 1A917 ( spx::spec), PubMed, available at BGSC
  • 1A916 ( spx::tet), PubMed, available at BGSC

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Stülke lab

• Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

Peter Zuber, Oregon Health and Science University, USA Homepage

Richard Brennan, Houston, Texas, USA Homepage

References

Reviews

Haike Antelmann, John D Helmann
Thiol-based redox switches and gene regulation.
Antioxid Redox Signal: 2011, 14(6);1049-63
[PubMed:20626317] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Peter Zuber
Management of oxidative stress in Bacillus.
Annu Rev Microbiol: 2009, 63;575-97
[PubMed:19575568] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

The Spx regulon

Tatiana Rochat, Pierre Nicolas, Olivier Delumeau, Alžbeta Rabatinová, Jana Korelusová, Aurélie Leduc, Philippe Bessières, Etienne Dervyn, Libor Krásny, Philippe Noirot
Genome-wide identification of genes directly regulated by the pleiotropic transcription factor Spx in Bacillus subtilis.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2012, 40(19);9571-83
[PubMed:22904090] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kyle N Erwin, Shunji Nakano, Peter Zuber
Sulfate-dependent repression of genes that function in organosulfur metabolism in Bacillus subtilis requires Spx.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(12);4042-9
[PubMed:15937167] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Peter Zuber
Spx-RNA polymerase interaction and global transcriptional control during oxidative stress.
J Bacteriol: 2004, 186(7);1911-8
[PubMed:15028674] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Shunji Nakano, Elke Küster-Schöck, Alan D Grossman, Peter Zuber
Spx-dependent global transcriptional control is induced by thiol-specific oxidative stress in Bacillus subtilis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2003, 100(23);13603-8
[PubMed:14597697] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Structural analysis of Spx

Ann A Lin, Don Walthers, Peter Zuber
Residue substitutions near the redox center of Bacillus subtilis Spx affect RNA polymerase interaction, redox control, and Spx-DNA contact at a conserved cis-acting element.
J Bacteriol: 2013, 195(17);3967-78
[PubMed:23813734] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Valerie Lamour, Lars F Westblade, Elizabeth A Campbell, Seth A Darst
Crystal structure of the in vivo-assembled Bacillus subtilis Spx/RNA polymerase alpha subunit C-terminal domain complex.
J Struct Biol: 2009, 168(2);352-6
[PubMed:19580872] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kate J Newberry, Shunji Nakano, Peter Zuber, Richard G Brennan
Crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis anti-alpha, global transcriptional regulator, Spx, in complex with the alpha C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2005, 102(44);15839-44
[PubMed:16249335] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)