Skin element

Parent categories	5. Prophages and mobile genetic elements 5.1. Prophages
Neighbouring categories	5.1.1. PBSX prophage 5.1.2. SPß prophage 5.1.3. Skin element 5.1.4. Prophage 1 5.1.5. Prophage 3 5.1.6. Phage-related functions
Related categories	SknR regulon
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

Important note

• In 168, the Skin element disrupts the sigK gene
• A strain devoid of the Skin element (1A884) is available at the BGSC, PubMed
• A strain devoid of PBSX prophage , SP-beta prophage and the Skin element (TF8A) as well as a strain devoid of all six prophages of the 168 genome (D6) is available in Jan Maarten van Dijl's lab PubMed
• deletion of the skin element results in an increased rate of spontaneous germination due to lower expression of GerE PubMed

Genes in this functional category

• arsB
• arsC
• arsR
• as-bsrH
• bsrH
• cwlA
• phrE
• rapE
• ratA
• sknR
• spoIVCA
• txpA
• yqaB
• yqaC
• yqaD
• yqaF
• yqaG
• yqaH
• yqaI
• yqaJ
• yqaK
• yqaL
• yqaM
• yqaN
• yqaO
• yqaP
• yqaQ
• yqaR
• yqaS
• yqaT
• yqbA
• yqbB
• yqbC
• yqbD
• yqbE
• yqbF
• yqbG
• yqbH
• yqbI
• yqbJ
• yqbK
• yqbM
• yqbN/1
• yqbN/2
• yqbO
• yqbP
• yqbQ
• yqbR
• yqbS
• yqbT
• yqcA
• yqcB
• yqcC
• yqcD
• yqcE
• yqcF
• yqcG
• yqcI
• yqcK
• yqdA
• yqxG
• yqxH
• yqxI
• yqxJ
• yqzI
• yqzN
• yqzO

Key publications

Tatsu Kimura, Yukie Amaya, Kazuo Kobayashi, Naotake Ogasawara, Tsutomu Sato
Repression of sigK intervening (skin) element gene expression by the CI-like protein SknR and effect of SknR depletion on growth of Bacillus subtilis cells.
J Bacteriol: 2010, 192(23);6209-16
[PubMed:20889742] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Helga Westers, Ronald Dorenbos, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Jorrit Kabel, Tony Flanagan, Kevin M Devine, Florence Jude, Simone J Seror, Aaron C Beekman, Elise Darmon, Caroline Eschevins, Anne de Jong, Sierd Bron, Oscar P Kuipers, Alessandra M Albertini, Haike Antelmann, Michael Hecker, Nicola Zamboni, Uwe Sauer, Claude Bruand, Dusko S Ehrlich, Juan C Alonso, Margarita Salas, Wim J Quax
Genome engineering reveals large dispensable regions in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Biol Evol: 2003, 20(12);2076-90
[PubMed:12949151] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

T Sato, Y Kobayashi
The ars operon in the skin element of Bacillus subtilis confers resistance to arsenate and arsenite.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(7);1655-61
[PubMed:9537360] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M Mizuno, S Masuda, K Takemaru, S Hosono, T Sato, M Takeuchi, Y Kobayashi
Systematic sequencing of the 283 kb 210 degrees-232 degrees region of the Bacillus subtilis genome containing the skin element and many sporulation genes.
Microbiology (Reading): 1996, 142 ( Pt 11);3103-11
[PubMed:8969508] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

S Krogh, M O'Reilly, N Nolan, K M Devine
The phage-like element PBSX and part of the skin element, which are resident at different locations on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, are highly homologous.
Microbiology (Reading): 1996, 142 ( Pt 8);2031-40
[PubMed:8760915] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K Takemaru, M Mizuno, T Sato, M Takeuchi, Y Kobayashi
Complete nucleotide sequence of a skin element excised by DNA rearrangement during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology (Reading): 1995, 141 ( Pt 2);323-7
[PubMed:7704261] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)