GalE

• Description: UDP glucose 4-epimerase
  
  

Gene name	galE
Synonyms
Essential	no
Product	UDP glucose 4-epimerase
Function	galactose utilization
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: galE
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: galE
MW, pI	36 kDa, 4.776
Gene length, protein length	1017 bp, 339 aa
Immediate neighbours	yxkC, yxkA
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

utilization of specific carbon sources, biofilm formation

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU38860

Phenotypes of a mutant

• smooth colonies on MsGG medium, no biofilm formation in the absence of externally provided galactose PubMed
• the mutant is sensitive to exogenous galactose due to the accumulation of toxic UDP-galactose, this sensitivity can be suppressed by the inactivation of galK (no formation of the toxic UDP-galactose) or of sinR (constitutive expression of the epsA-epsB-epsC-epsD-epsE-epsF-epsG-epsH-epsI-epsJ-epsK-epsL-epsM-epsN-epsO results in detoxification of UDP-galactose) PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU38860

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Protein family: sugar epimerase family (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:

• Cofactor(s):

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:

• Localization:

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU38860

• Structure: 1LRL (from Escherichia coli Y299C mutant, 57% identity, 71% similarity) PubMed

• UniProt: P55180

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number: 5.1.3.2

Expression and regulation

• Operon: galE PubMed

• Expression browser: galE PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • strongly repressed in response to glucose starvation in M9 medium PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:

• Additional information:
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 2076 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 3361 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, exponential phase): 2975 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, early stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 1717 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, late stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 3186 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant:

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system:

• Antibody:

References

Imke G de Jong, Jan-Willem Veening, Oscar P Kuipers
Single cell analysis of gene expression patterns during carbon starvation in Bacillus subtilis reveals large phenotypic variation.
Environ Microbiol: 2012, 14(12);3110-21
[PubMed:23033921] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Yunrong Chai, Pascale B Beauregard, Hera Vlamakis, Richard Losick, Roberto Kolter
Galactose metabolism plays a crucial role in biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis.
mBio: 2012, 3(4);e00184-12
[PubMed:22893383] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Eric R Pozsgai, Kris M Blair, Daniel B Kearns
Modified mariner transposons for random inducible-expression insertions and transcriptional reporter fusion insertions in Bacillus subtilis.
Appl Environ Microbiol: 2012, 78(3);778-85
[PubMed:22113911] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Blazenka Soldo, Claudio Scotti, Dimitri Karamata, Vladimir Lazarevic
The Bacillus subtilis Gne (GneA, GalE) protein can catalyse UDP-glucose as well as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerisation.
Gene: 2003, 319;65-9
[PubMed:14597172] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

O Krispin, R Allmansberger
The Bacillus subtilis galE gene is essential in the presence of glucose and galactose.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(8);2265-70
[PubMed:9555917] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)