GltA

• Description: large subunit of glutamate synthase
  
  

Gene name	gltA
Synonyms
Essential	no
Product	glutamate synthase (large subunit)
Function	glutamate biosynthesis
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: gltA
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: GltA
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: gltA
MW, pI	168 kDa, 5.47
Gene length, protein length	4560 bp, 1520 amino acids
Immediate neighbours	gltB, gltC
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

biosynthesis/ acquisition of amino acids, glutamate metabolism, membrane proteins, phosphoproteins

This gene is a member of the following regulons

GltC regulon, FsrA regulon, TnrA regulon, Efp-dependent proteins

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU18450

Phenotypes of a mutant

auxotrophic for glutamate

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU18450

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity: 2 L-glutamate + NADP⁺ = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH (according to Swiss-Prot) 2 L-glutamate + NADP(+) <=> L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH

• Protein family: glutamate synthase family (according to Swiss-Prot) glutamate synthase family

• Paralogous protein(s): YerD

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:
  • Glutamine amidotransferase type-2 domain (22-415)
  • Nucleotide binding domain (1060-1112)

• Modification:
  • phosphorylated on Arg-904 AND/OR Arg-914 PubMed

• Cofactor(s): 3Fe-4S, FAD, FMN

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:
  • GltA-GltB PubMed
  • GltA-Icd PubMed

• Localization:
  • membrane associated PubMed, cytoplasm

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU18450

• Structure: 2VDC (the GltA-GltB complex of Azospirillum brasiliense) PubMed

• UniProt: P39812

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number: 1.4.1.13 3 1.4.1.13]

Additional information

• subject to Clp-dependent proteolysis upon glucose starvation PubMed
• translation is likely to require Efp due to the presence of several consecutive proline residues PubMed

Expression and regulation

• Operon: gltA-gltB PubMed

• Expression browser: gltA PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • expression activated by glucose (11 fold) (CcpA, GltC) PubMed
  • repressed by arginine (GltC, RocG) PubMed
  • expressed in the presence of ammonium PubMed
  • repressed in the absence of good nitrogen sources (glutamine or ammonium) (TnrA) PubMed
  • part of the iron sparing response, strong down-regulation in a fur mutant (Fur, FsrA) PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • GltC: transcription activation PubMed
  • TnrA: transcription repression PubMed
  • Fur: indirect effect via control of fsrA expression PubMed
  • FsrA: translation inhibition PubMed

• Additional information:
  • subject to Clp-dependent proteolysis upon glucose starvation PubMed
  • translation is likely to require Efp due to the presence of several consecutive proline residues PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant: GP807 (del gltAB::tet), GP222 (gltA under the control of p-xyl), available in Stülke lab
  • 1A808 ( gltA::cat), PubMed, available at BGSC
  • 1A809 ( gltA::kan), PubMed, available at BGSC

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion: pGP526 (in pAC7), pGP919 (in pAC5), available in Stülke lab

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Stülke lab

• Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

Linc Sonenshein, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA Homepage

Jörg Stülke, University of Göttingen, Germany Homepage

Fabian Commichau University of Göttingen, Germany Homepage

References

Reviews

Katrin Gunka, Fabian M Commichau
Control of glutamate homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis: a complex interplay between ammonium assimilation, glutamate biosynthesis and degradation.
Mol Microbiol: 2012, 85(2);213-24
[PubMed:22625175] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Akira Suzuki, David B Knaff
Glutamate synthase: structural, mechanistic and regulatory properties, and role in the amino acid metabolism.
Photosynth Res: 2005, 83(2);191-217
[PubMed:16143852] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Frank M Raushel, James B Thoden, Hazel M Holden
Enzymes with molecular tunnels.
Acc Chem Res: 2003, 36(7);539-48
[PubMed:12859215] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Original publications

Alexander K W Elsholz, Kürsad Turgay, Stephan Michalik, Bernd Hessling, Katrin Gronau, Dan Oertel, Ulrike Mäder, Jörg Bernhardt, Dörte Becher, Michael Hecker, Ulf Gerth
Global impact of protein arginine phosphorylation on the physiology of Bacillus subtilis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2012, 109(19);7451-6
[PubMed:22517742] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Gregory T Smaldone, Olga Revelles, Ahmed Gaballa, Uwe Sauer, Haike Antelmann, John D Helmann
A global investigation of the Bacillus subtilis iron-sparing response identifies major changes in metabolism.
J Bacteriol: 2012, 194(10);2594-605
[PubMed:22389480] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Frederik M Meyer, Jan Gerwig, Elke Hammer, Christina Herzberg, Fabian M Commichau, Uwe Völker, Jörg Stülke
Physical interactions between tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for a metabolon.
Metab Eng: 2011, 13(1);18-27
[PubMed:20933603] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Hannes Hahne, Susanne Wolff, Michael Hecker, Dörte Becher
From complementarity to comprehensiveness--targeting the membrane proteome of growing Bacillus subtilis by divergent approaches.
Proteomics: 2008, 8(19);4123-36
[PubMed:18763711] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Fabian M Commichau, Katrin Gunka, Jens J Landmann, Jörg Stülke
Glutamate metabolism in Bacillus subtilis: gene expression and enzyme activities evolved to avoid futile cycles and to allow rapid responses to perturbations of the system.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(10);3557-64
[PubMed:18326565] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Magali Cottevieille, Eric Larquet, Slavica Jonic, Maxim V Petoukhov, Gianluca Caprini, Stefano Paravisi, Dmitri I Svergun, Maria A Vanoni, Nicolas Boisset
The subnanometer resolution structure of the glutamate synthase 1.2-MDa hexamer by cryoelectron microscopy and its oligomerization behavior in solution: functional implications.
J Biol Chem: 2008, 283(13);8237-49
[PubMed:18199747] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ulf Gerth, Holger Kock, Ilja Kusters, Stephan Michalik, Robert L Switzer, Michael Hecker
Clp-dependent proteolysis down-regulates central metabolic pathways in glucose-starved Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(1);321-31
[PubMed:17981983] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Fabian M Commichau, Christina Herzberg, Philipp Tripal, Oliver Valerius, Jörg Stülke
A regulatory protein-protein interaction governs glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis: the glutamate dehydrogenase RocG moonlights in controlling the transcription factor GltC.
Mol Microbiol: 2007, 65(3);642-54
[PubMed:17608797] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Fabian M Commichau, Ingrid Wacker, Jan Schleider, Hans-Matti Blencke, Irene Reif, Philipp Tripal, Jörg Stülke
Characterization of Bacillus subtilis mutants with carbon source-independent glutamate biosynthesis.
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol: 2007, 12(1-2);106-13
[PubMed:17183217] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Silvia Picossi, Boris R Belitsky, Abraham L Sonenshein
Molecular mechanism of the regulation of Bacillus subtilis gltAB expression by GltC.
J Mol Biol: 2007, 365(5);1298-313
[PubMed:17134717] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Marcus Miethke, Helga Westers, Evert-Jan Blom, Oscar P Kuipers, Mohamed A Marahiel
Iron starvation triggers the stringent response and induces amino acid biosynthesis for bacillibactin production in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2006, 188(24);8655-7
[PubMed:17012385] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Boris R Belitsky, Abraham L Sonenshein
Modulation of activity of Bacillus subtilis regulatory proteins GltC and TnrA by glutamate dehydrogenase.
J Bacteriol: 2004, 186(11);3399-407
[PubMed:15150225] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ingrid Wacker, Holger Ludwig, Irene Reif, Hans-Matti Blencke, Christian Detsch, Jörg Stülke
The regulatory link between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Bacillus subtilis: regulation of the gltAB operon by the catabolite control protein CcpA.
Microbiology (Reading): 2003, 149(Pt 10);3001-3009
[PubMed:14523131] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hans-Matti Blencke, Georg Homuth, Holger Ludwig, Ulrike Mäder, Michael Hecker, Jörg Stülke
Transcriptional profiling of gene expression in response to glucose in Bacillus subtilis: regulation of the central metabolic pathways.
Metab Eng: 2003, 5(2);133-49
[PubMed:12850135] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ken-ichi Yoshida, Hirotake Yamaguchi, Masaki Kinehara, Yo-hei Ohki, Yoshiko Nakaura, Yasutaro Fujita
Identification of additional TnrA-regulated genes of Bacillus subtilis associated with a TnrA box.
Mol Microbiol: 2003, 49(1);157-65
[PubMed:12823818] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

B R Belitsky, L V Wray, S H Fisher, D E Bohannon, A L Sonenshein
Role of TnrA in nitrogen source-dependent repression of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase gene expression.
J Bacteriol: 2000, 182(21);5939-47
[PubMed:11029411] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

B R Belitsky, A L Sonenshein
Mutations in GltC that increase Bacillus subtilis gltA expression.
J Bacteriol: 1995, 177(19);5696-700
[PubMed:7559360] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D E Bohannon, A L Sonenshein
Positive regulation of glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1989, 171(9);4718-27
[PubMed:2548995] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)