SigD

• Description: RNA polymerase sigma factor SigD
  
  

Gene name	sigD
Synonyms	flaB
Essential	no
Product	RNA polymerase sigma factor SigD
Function	regulation of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and autolysis
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: sigD
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: SigD
MW, pI	29 kDa, 5.167
Gene length, protein length	762 bp, 254 aa
Immediate neighbours	cheD, swrB
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

transcription, sigma factors and their control, motility and chemotaxis

This gene is a member of the following regulons

CodY regulon, SigD regulon, Spo0A regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU16470

Phenotypes of a mutant

• Inactivation of alsR, sigD and sigW increases competitive fitness of Bacillus subtilis under non-sporulating conditions PubMed
• mucoid phenotype due to the overproduction of poly-gamma-glutamate (because of the loss of motA-motB expression) PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16470

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:

• Protein family: sigma-70 factor family (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:

• Cofactor(s):

• Effectors of protein activity: interaction with FlgM inhibits SigD activity PubMed

• Interactions:
  • SigD-FlgM PubMed, SigD-(RpoB-RpoC)

• Localization:

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16470

• Structure:

• UniProt: P10726

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon:
  • flgB-flgC-fliE-fliF-fliG-fliH-fliI-fliJ-ylxF-fliK-flgD-flgE-fliL-fliM-fliY-cheY-fliZ-fliP-fliQ-fliR-flhB-flhA-flhF-flhG-cheB-cheA-cheW-cheC-cheD-sigD-swrB PubMed
  • ylxF-fliK-flgD-flgE-fliL-fliM-fliY-cheY-fliZ-fliP-fliQ-fliR-flhB-flhA-flhF-flhG-cheB-cheA-cheW-cheC-cheD-sigD-swrB PubMed
  • sigD-swrB PubMed

• Expression browser: sigD PubMed

• Sigma factor:
  • flgB: SigA PubMed, SigD PubMed
  • ylxF: SigD PubMed
  • sigD: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • flgB promoter: repressed under conditions that trigger sporulation (Spo0A) PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • Spo0A: transcription repression PubMed
  • CodY: transcription repression PubMed
  • DegU (non-phosphorylated): transcription activation PubMed

• Additional information:

Biological materials

• Mutant:
  • 1A716 ( sigD::cat), PubMed, available at BGSC

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Stülke lab

• FLAG-tag construct: GP948 (ermC, based on pGP1087), available in the Stülke lab

• Antibody:

References

Original publications

Jia Mun Chan, Sarah B Guttenplan, Daniel B Kearns
Defects in the flagellar motor increase synthesis of poly-γ-glutamate in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2014, 196(4);740-53
[PubMed:24296669] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Yun Luo, John D Helmann
A σD-dependent antisense transcript modulates expression of the cyclic-di-AMP hydrolase GdpP in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology (Reading): 2012, 158(Pt 11);2732-2741
[PubMed:22956758] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Wayne L Nicholson
Increased competitive fitness of Bacillus subtilis under nonsporulating conditions via inactivation of pleiotropic regulators AlsR, SigD, and SigW.
Appl Environ Microbiol: 2012, 78(9);3500-3
[PubMed:22344650] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Loralyn M Cozy, Andrew M Phillips, Rebecca A Calvo, Ashley R Bate, Yi-Huang Hsueh, Richard Bonneau, Patrick Eichenberger, Daniel B Kearns
SlrA/SinR/SlrR inhibits motility gene expression upstream of a hypersensitive and hysteretic switch at the level of σ(D) in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2012, 83(6);1210-28
[PubMed:22329926] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Christine Diethmaier, Nico Pietack, Katrin Gunka, Christoph Wrede, Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Christina Herzberg, Sebastian Hübner, Jörg Stülke
A novel factor controlling bistability in Bacillus subtilis: the YmdB protein affects flagellin expression and biofilm formation.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(21);5997-6007
[PubMed:21856853] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Elif Sevim, Ahmed Gaballa, A Osman Beldüz, John D Helmann
DNA-binding properties of the Bacillus subtilis and Aeribacillus pallidus AC6 σ(D) proteins.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(2);575-9
[PubMed:21097624] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Loralyn M Cozy, Daniel B Kearns
Gene position in a long operon governs motility development in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2010, 76(2);273-85
[PubMed:20233303] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Letal I Salzberg, John D Helmann
Phenotypic and transcriptomic characterization of Bacillus subtilis mutants with grossly altered membrane composition.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(23);7797-807
[PubMed:18820022] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kazuo Kobayashi
Gradual activation of the response regulator DegU controls serial expression of genes for flagellum formation and biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2007, 66(2);395-409
[PubMed:17850253] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ana R Perez, Angelica Abanes-De Mello, Kit Pogliano
Suppression of engulfment defects in bacillus subtilis by elevated expression of the motility regulon.
J Bacteriol: 2006, 188(3);1159-64
[PubMed:16428420] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Daniel B Kearns, Richard Losick
Cell population heterogeneity during growth of Bacillus subtilis.
Genes Dev: 2005, 19(24);3083-94
[PubMed:16357223] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

H Werhane, P Lopez, M Mendel, M Zimmer, G W Ordal, L M Márquez-Magaña
The last gene of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis, ylxL, is required for maximal sigmaD function.
J Bacteriol: 2004, 186(12);4025-9
[PubMed:15175317] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Virginie Molle, Masaya Fujita, Shane T Jensen, Patrick Eichenberger, José E González-Pastor, Jun S Liu, Richard Losick
The Spo0A regulon of Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2003, 50(5);1683-701
[PubMed:14651647] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Haike Antelmann, Hiroki Yamamoto, Junichi Sekiguchi, Michael Hecker
Stabilization of cell wall proteins in Bacillus subtilis: a proteomic approach.
Proteomics: 2002, 2(5);591-602
[PubMed:11987133] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D B Mirel, W F Estacio, M Mathieu, E Olmsted, J Ramirez, L M Márquez-Magaña
Environmental regulation of Bacillus subtilis sigma(D)-dependent gene expression.
J Bacteriol: 2000, 182(11);3055-62
[PubMed:10809682] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M G Bertero, B Gonzales, C Tarricone, F Ceciliani, A Galizzi
Overproduction and characterization of the Bacillus subtilis anti-sigma factor FlgM.
J Biol Chem: 1999, 274(17);12103-7
[PubMed:10207036] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

W Estacio, S S Anna-Arriola, M Adedipe, L M Márquez-Magaña
Dual promoters are responsible for transcription initiation of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(14);3548-55
[PubMed:9657996] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

T Caramori, A Galizzi
The UP element of the promoter for the flagellin gene, hag, stimulates transcription from both SigD- and SigA-dependent promoters in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Gen Genet: 1998, 258(4);385-8
[PubMed:9648743] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

R Allmansberger
Temporal regulation of sigD from Bacillus subtilis depends on a minor promoter in front of the gene.
J Bacteriol: 1997, 179(20);6531-5
[PubMed:9335309] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K Fredrick, J D Helmann
RNA polymerase sigma factor determines start-site selection but is not required for upstream promoter element activation on heteroduplex (bubble) templates.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1997, 94(10);4982-7
[PubMed:9144176] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Y F Chen, J D Helmann
DNA-melting at the Bacillus subtilis flagellin promoter nucleates near -10 and expands unidirectionally.
J Mol Biol: 1997, 267(1);47-59
[PubMed:9096206] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K Fredrick, J D Helmann
FlgM is a primary regulator of sigmaD activity, and its absence restores motility to a sinR mutant.
J Bacteriol: 1996, 178(23);7010-3
[PubMed:8955328] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M H Rashid, J Sekiguchi
flaD (sinR) mutations affect SigD-dependent functions at multiple points in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1996, 178(22);6640-3
[PubMed:8932324] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Y F Chen, J D Helmann
The Bacillus subtilis flagellar regulatory protein sigma D: overproduction, domain analysis and DNA-binding properties.
J Mol Biol: 1995, 249(4);743-53
[PubMed:7602586] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K Fredrick, T Caramori, Y F Chen, A Galizzi, J D Helmann
Promoter architecture in the flagellar regulon of Bacillus subtilis: high-level expression of flagellin by the sigma D RNA polymerase requires an upstream promoter element.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1995, 92(7);2582-6
[PubMed:7708689] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

L Chen, J D Helmann
The Bacillus subtilis sigma D-dependent operon encoding the flagellar proteins FliD, FliS, and FliT.
J Bacteriol: 1994, 176(11);3093-101
[PubMed:8195064] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

K L Fredrick, J D Helmann
Dual chemotaxis signaling pathways in Bacillus subtilis: a sigma D-dependent gene encodes a novel protein with both CheW and CheY homologous domains.
J Bacteriol: 1994, 176(9);2727-35
[PubMed:8169223] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

L M Márquez-Magaña, M J Chamberlin
Characterization of the sigD transcription unit of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1994, 176(8);2427-34
[PubMed:8157612] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D B Mirel, M J Chamberlin
The Bacillus subtilis flagellin gene (hag) is transcribed by the sigma 28 form of RNA polymerase.
J Bacteriol: 1989, 171(6);3095-101
[PubMed:2498284] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

J D Helmann, F R Masiarz, M J Chamberlin
Isolation and characterization of the Bacillus subtilis sigma 28 factor.
J Bacteriol: 1988, 170(4);1560-7
[PubMed:3127378] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

J D Helmann, L M Márquez, M J Chamberlin
Cloning, sequencing, and disruption of the Bacillus subtilis sigma 28 gene.
J Bacteriol: 1988, 170(4);1568-74
[PubMed:2832368] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)